<P>I. Basic principles of ultrasonography
II. Endoanal and endorectal ultrasonographic techniques
III. Basic anatomy
IV. Endoluminal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma
V. Staging following preoperative chemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal cancer
VI. Postoperative follow-up of rectal cancer
VII. Endoanal ultrasonography in the staging of anal carcinoma
VIII. Surgical treatment options for rectal cancer
IX. Combined modality therapy for rectal cancer
X. Treatment options for anal carcinoma.</P>.