Introduction and overview
The fossil fuel scenario: the probability of a crisis in the biosphere
This report
Conclusions and recommendations
Scientific understanding of atmosphere-biosphere interactions: a historical overview
Human alterations of the atmosphere
Energy and air pollution
Biogenic emissions to the atmosphere
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Trace metals
Atmospheric emissions from burning of natural biomass
Natural organic products
Anthropogenic sources of atmospheric substances
Patterns of fossil fuel use
Atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning
Atmospheric transport, transformation, and deposition processes
Transport and diffusion
Transformations
Deposition
Residence times for substances in the atmosphere
Biological accumulation and effect of atmospheric contaminants
Accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems
Accumulation in aquatic ecosystems
Accumulation in soils and aquatic sediments
Transformation in soils and waters
Transfer of substances from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems
Pollutants and individual organisms
Studying the effects of atmospheric deposition of ecosystems
Predicting anthropogenic effects on ecosystems
Highly sensitive organisms as early indicators
Common responses of ecosystems to stress
Natural records of pollution
Monitoring large-scale pollution
Acid precipitation
Causes of acid precipitation
Effects of acid on the biosphere
Assessment of ecological effects
Amelioration.