1. Assumptions and approaches
2. Photosynthesis, respiration, and long-distance transport
2a. Photosynthesis
2b. Respiration
2c. Long‑distance transport of assimilates
3. Plant water relations
4. Plant energy budgets: environmental effects
4a. The plant’s energy balance
4b. Effects of radiation and temperature level
5. Scaling-up gas exchange and energy balance from the leaf to the canopy level
6. Mineral nutrition
7. Growth and allocation
8. Life cycles: environmental influences and adaptations
9. Biotic influences
9a. Symbiotic associations
9b. Ecological biochemistry: allelopathy and defense against herbivores
9c. Effects of microbial pathogens
9d. Parasitic associations
9e. Interactions among plants
9f. Carnivory
10. Role in ecosystem and global processes
10a. Decomposition
10b. Ecosystem and global processes: ecophysiological controls.