Intro
Title
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Metallic Implants for Biomedical Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Approach to Metallic Implant Design and Manufacturing
1.2.1 Selection of Metals
1.2.1.4 Metal vs. Bone
1.2.2 Materials Processing Using 3D Printing
1.2.3 Surface Modification
1.3 Key Properties of Major Types of Metallic Implants
1.3.1 Steels
1.3.2 Co-Cr Alloys
1.3.3 Ti and Ti Alloys
1.3.4 Noble Metals and Alloys
1.3.5 Emerging Biomedical Materials
1.4 Corrosion of Metals In Vitro and In Vivo
1.4.1 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
1.4.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue
1.4.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement and Fretting Corrosion
1.4.4 Galvanic Corrosion and Intergranular Corrosion
1.4.5 Modularity as a Promoter of Corrosion
1.4.6 Passivation and Formation of Protective Oxides
1.4.7 Effect of Temperature and pH on Corrosion
1.5 In Vivo vs. In Vitro Studies of Implant Degradation
1.5.1 Dynamic vs. Static Flow Conditions
1.5.2 Stability of Artificial Bodily Fluids
1.5.3 The Chemical Feedback Loop Between Inflammation and Corrosion
1.5.4 Corrosion in Electrically Active Devices
1.5.5 Effect of Therapies on the In Vivo Corrosion of Implants
1.5.6 Role of Microorganisms in Corrosion and Failure
1.5.7 Protein-mediated Mechanisms of Material Degradation In Vivo
1.6 Physiological Implications of Corrosion and Wear
1.6.1 Interactions Between Macrophages and Metallic Wear Debris
1.6.2 Effect of Metallic Wear Debris on Tissue Regeneration
1.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2 Calcium Phosphate Cements: Structure-related Properties
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Calcium Phosphate Family
2.3 CPCs
2.3.1 Setting Time
2.3.2 Injectability
2.3.3 Porosity
2.3.4 Bioresorbability
2.3.5 Anti-washout Properties
2.4 CaP Nanoparticles
2.4.1 Preparation and Morphologies
2.4.2 Applications
2.5 Setting Reactions
2.6 Influence of the CPC Microstructure on the Dissolution Rate
2.7 Influence of the Microstructure on Bioactivity
2.8 Structure-related Mechanical Properties
2.9 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Inorganic-Organic Hybrids: Mimicking Native Bone
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bone as the Native Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Material
3.2.1 The Hierarchical Structure of Bone
3.2.2 Collagen Type I Protein: The Organic Material
3.2.3 Hydroxyapatite Mineral: The Inorganic Material
3.2.4 Development of Collagen Mineralisation in Native Tissues
3.2.5 Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE)
3.2.6 Hybrid Materials for BTE
3.3 Inorganic and Organic Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering
3.3.1 Inorganic Materials
3.3.2 Organic Materials
3.3.3 The Inorganic-Organic Interface
3.3.4 Chemical Surface Modification
3.4 Methods of Hybridising Inorganic-Organic Hybrids
3.4.1 Composites
3.4.2 Hybrids