1.1. Provisions for the occasion of offering tribute
1.2. Provisions for tribute items and amount
1.3. Reward regulations
1.4. Comments on the forms of tribute-reward communication in the Qing dynasty
2. Trade exchange between the Qing court and the Tributary states
2.1. Trade in the Huitong guan
2.2. Trade at ports of entry
2.3. Permanent border trade
2.4. The Sino-Siam rice trade
2.5. Comments on the trade exchange between the Qing court and Tributary states
3. The trade system between the Qing court and the non-tributary states
3.1. The Canton system
3.2. The Kyakhta system
3.3. Comments on the two trading systems
4. Conclusion
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Chia Ning: The Tribute System in the Qing Dynasty: From Mechanism of Empire-Building to Origins of the Dynastic Fall
Inherited Tribute Traditions
Tribute and Its Ritual Protocols
Tribute and Political Entitlement
Tribute and Two Forms of Material Exchange
Tribute in Asia
Tribute and the West
Conclusion
Attachment
Bibliography
Bakhyt Ezhenkhan-uli: Notes on the Early Discourse of the Qing Court about the Kazakh Tribute
1. The Conceptualization of Heavenly Horses and the Analogy of Kazakh Dayuan
2. The So-Called Abulai's Declaration of Surrender
3. Chinggis Khan's legacy and the Kazakh tribute
Bibliography
Zsombor Rajkai: Tribute as a Diplomatic Strategy in Early Ming China
1. Tributary and non-tributary relations
2. Ambiguous Mongol influence on early Ming China
3. Foreign policy of early Ming China
4. Perception of tributary relations by foreign political entities
5. Concluding remarks
Bibliography
Morris Rossabi: Yongle, Tributary Relations, and Foreign Policy