Intro
Preface
Content
1 Introduction
1.1 Historic Note
1.2 Role of Plastics in Packaging
1.3 Book Structure
1.4 References
2 Basic Concepts and Definitions
2.1 Terminology
2.1.1 Macromolecule
2.1.2 Polymer
2.1.3 Plastic
2.1.4 Monomer
2.1.5 Constitutional Unit
2.1.6 Homopolymer
2.1.7 Copolymer
2.2 Polymer Nomenclature
2.3 Interatomic and Intermolecular Forces in Polymers
2.3.1 Interatomic Forces
2.3.1.1 Covalent Bonds
2.3.1.2 Ionic Bonds
2.3.2 Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces
2.3.2.1 Dispersion Forces
2.3.2.2 Induction Forces
2.3.2.3 Dipole Forces
2.3.2.4 Hydrogen Bonds
2.4 Properties Determined by Chemical Composition
2.5 Categorization of Plastics
2.6 References
Study Questions
3 Polymer Structure and Properties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Molecular Architecture
3.2.1 Linear Polymers
3.2.2 Branched Polymers
3.2.3 Cross-Linked Polymers
3.3 Copolymer Structure
3.3.1 Random Copolymers
3.3.2 Alternating Copolymers
3.3.3 Block Copolymers
3.3.4 Graft Copolymers
3.3.5 Combinations of Copolymer Types
3.4 Chain Polymerization, Addition Polymers
3.4.1 Addition or Chain Polymerization Mechanism
3.4.2 Vinyl Polymers
3.4.3 Free-Radical Polymerization
3.4.3.1 Initiation
3.4.3.2 Propagation
3.4.3.3 Termination
3.4.4 Polyethylene Polymerization Processes
3.4.5 Other Addition Polymerization Mechanisms
3.5 Molecular Configuration and Conformation
3.6 Head-to-Head and Head-to-Tail
3.6.1 Configurations of Vinyl Polymers
3.7 Stereochemistry
3.8 Step Polymerization, Condensation Polymers
3.9 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
3.9.1 Degree of Polymerization
3.9.2 Molecular Mass (Weight) and Molecular Weight Distribution
3.9.3 Number Average Molecular Weight
3.9.4 Weight Average Molecular Weight
3.9.5 Other Molecular Weight Averages
3.9.6 Determination of MWD
3.9.7 Effect of Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution on Flow and Mechanical Properties
3.10 Polymer Morphology
3.10.1 Crystallinity
3.10.2 Polymer Orientation
3.10.3 Degree of Crystallinity
3.11 Thermal Properties
3.11.1 Melting Temperature
3.11.2 Glass Transition Temperature
3.11.2.1 Measuring Tg
3.11.2.2 Variables Affecting Tg
3.11.3 Other Thermal Transitions
3.11.4 Heat Capacity
3.11.5 Heat of Fusion
3.11.6 Thermal Conductivity
3.11.7 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
3.11.8 Other Dimensional Changes
3.11.9 Dimensional Stability
3.12 Mechanical Properties
3.12.1 Tensile Properties
3.12.2 Tear Strength
3.12.3 Impact and Bursting Strength
3.12.4 Other Mechanical Properties
3.13 Barrier Properties
3.13.1 Diffusion Coefficient
3.13.2 Solubility Coefficient
3.13.3 Permeability Coefficient
3.14 Surfaces and Adhesion
3.14.1 Surface Tension
3.14.2 Wettability