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The uncertainty of measurements : physical and chemical metrology : impact and analysis
Author
Title
The uncertainty of measurements : physical and chemical metrology : impact and analysis / Shri Krishna Kimothi.
ISBN
9781621983156
1621983153
9780873895354
0873895355
Published
Milwaukee, Wis. : ASQ Press, ©2002.
Physical Description
1 online resource (xxii, 391 pages) : illustrations
Local Notes
Access is available to the Yale community.
Notes
English.
Access and use
Access restricted by licensing agreement.
Summary
The uncertainty of measurement results is drawing attention of managers, metrologists and customers. the accuracy of measurements affects all of us in trade, commerce, safety, health care environmental protection and more. the quality of these measurements are regulated by a variety of government agencies. Measurement also plays an important role in manufacturing and service organizations. Use this book to learn more about metrology and the need for reliable measurements. You can also learn about measurement system and quality of measurement systems, objectives and methods. Statistical techniques in metrology are also explained. Examples of measurement data and random variables, probability density functions, sampling distribution, statistical estimation degrees of freedom and regression are included. an entire chapter is devoted to measurement errors. the book goes in-depth into explaining national and international measurement systems and standards, and includes a complete chapter on calibration and measurement trace ability. Measurement Uncertainty will show how to evaluate various uncertainties in measurements using several approaches including international consensus. Calibration laboratories can look specifically at the chapter on that profession to guide them in their measurement improvements. Kimothi also looks at specific industries and their measurement capabilities and includes examples of R & R studies.
Variant and related titles
Knovel. OCLC KB.
Other formats
Print version: Kimothi, Shri Krishna, 1944- Uncertainty of measurements. Milwaukee, Wis. : ASQ Press, ©2002
Format
Books / Online
Language
English
Added to Catalog
January 08, 2024
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents
Machine derived contents note: Chapter 1 Metrology and the Need for Reliable
Measurements
The Universal Nature of Measurements
Metrology and Technological Growth
The Increasing Need for Reliable Measurements
Metrology Classifications
The Probabilistic Nature of Measurement Results
Why Take Measurements?
Risks Associated with Statistical Decision Making
Measurement Results: Fitness for Purpose
Chapter 2 Measurement Systems and the Quality
of Measurement Results
Measurement Results and Measurands
Measurement Methods and Measurement Procedures
The Contents of a Measurement Method or Procedure
The Steps Involved in Measurements
Measurement Systems and Measurement Processes
The Measurement Process: Requirement for Statistical Control
The Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Measurement
Results
Qualifying Quantitative Information and the NUSAP
Notational Scheme
NUSAP Notation and Measurement Results as Quantitative
Information
The Relevance and Adequacy of Measurements:
The Management Perspective
Summary
Chapter 3 Statistical Methods in Metrology
Statistical Methods and Statistical Thinking
The Use of Statistical Techniques in Metrology
Measurement Data and Statistics
The Characteristics of Statistical Data
Probability Density Functions and Frequency Distribution
The Characteristics and Application of Rectangtular Distribution
The Characteristics of Trapezoidal and Triangular Distribution
The Characteristics of Normal Distribution
The Standard Normal Probability Distribution
Sampling Distribution
Statistical Estimation
Point Estimate of Population Mean and Standard Deviation
Interval Estimate of Population Mean Using Normal
Distribution
Interval Estimate Using the t Distribution
Degrees of Freedom
Regression and Correlation
Chapter 4 Measurement Error and Measurement Uncertainty
Measurand, True Value, and Conventional True Value
Measurement Error
Random Measurement Error
Metrologists' and Statisticians' Perceptions of True Value
Systematic Measurement Error
Precision, Bias, and Trueness of a Measurement Process
The Accuracy of the Measurement Process
Measurement Uncertainty
Reliability of Uncertainty Estimation and Confidence Level
The Relationship Between Measurement Uncertainty and
Measurement Error
Accuracy Specifications of Measuring Equipment and
Measurement Uncertainty
Accuracy Specifications of Measurement Standards
Summary
Chapter 5 National and International Measurement Systems
and Measurement Standards
Measurement Units
Measurement Standards
Measurement Compatibility and the International
Measurement System
The Treaty of the Meter and International Metrology
Organizations
Measurement Standards Based on Atomic and Quantum
Phenomena
Some Important Fundamental Constants
The Limitations of Artifact Standards and the
Advantages of Intrinsic Standards
The Realization of National Standards for Sl Base Units
Chapter 6 Calibration and Measurement Traceability
Why Calibration?
Calibration and Traceability
Traceability Through an Established Calibration Program
National and International Traceability
Some Examples of National Traceability
Accreditation of Calibration Laboratories
The Propagation of Uncertainty in the Traceability Chain
Internet-Based Calibrations
Achieving International Traceability
Measurement Traceability in Chemical Metrology
Reference Materials and Certified Reference Materials
ILAC Guidance on Calibration and Traceability
Traceability Requirements As Stipulated in the ISO
Standards on Quality Systems Management
Chapter 7 Measurement Uncertainty and Its Evaluation:
Evolving Concepts
Measurement Uncertainty: Limits to Error
Uncertainty Reporting: The Need for Harmonized Practices
Eisenhart's Guidelines on the Evaluation and Reporting
of Measurement Uncertainty in Calibration Laboratories
Reporting Uncertainty Statements: Eisenhart's Guidelines
Limitations of Eisenhart's Guidelines
Random and Systematic Uncertainty:
Guidelines for Estimation and Reporting
Estimation of Random Uncertainty
Estimation of Systematic Uncertainty
Overall Uncertainty
Selection of the Confidence Level
Selection of the Number of Observations
Examples of Uncertainty Evaluations
The Need for a Harmonized Approach to Measurement
Uncertainty Evaluation and Reporting
Chapter 8 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
Measurement (GUM): An International Consensus
Lack of Consensus on Uncertainty Evaluation: Issues of
Concern
The Need for a Harmonized Approach to Uncertainty
Evaluation and Reporting
Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)
Philosophy of GUM and New Definition of Uncertainty and
Associated Terms
Mathematical Modeling of the Measurement Process
Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty
Determining Combined Standard Uncertainty:
The Law of Propagation of Uncertainty
Determining Expanded Uncertainty
Reporting the Uncertainty of Measurement: Guidelines
Procedure for Evaluation of Uncertainty in Accordance
with GUM
Expanded Uncertainty and Confidence Interval
Structure of GUM
GUM: An Ideal Method
Uncertainty Budget
Examples of Uncertainty Evaluation Using GUM
Expressing the Uncertainty of Measurement
Results Containing Uncorrected Bias
GUM and International Perspectives
NIST Policy on Uncertainty of Measurement Results
Chapter 9 Measurement Assurance Programs (MAPS)
Measurement Systems, Metrological Requirements,
and Metrological Confirmation
Quality Assurance of Measurement Results
Measurement Assurance Programs in Testing and
Calibration Laboratories
The Measurement Process and Statistical Process Control
Proficiency Testing
International Standards on Quality Management and
Measurement Assurance
Traceability, Uncertainty, and Measurement Assurance
Chapter 10 Measurement System Capability Requirements
in Industries
The Need for Capable Industrial Measurement Systems
Capability Requirements for a Measurement System
Measurement System Assessment and Capability Indices
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (R & R) Assessment
Example of an R & R Assessment
Conducting an R & R Study and Measurement Systems Aralysis
Guidelines for R & R Acceptability of a Measurement System
Example of an R & R Study-Data Collection and Analysis
Gage R & R Study Limitations and Statistical Control of the
Measurement System
The Process Measurement Assurance Program (PIMAP)
Quest for Excellence: Six Sigma and the Role of Measuremrents
Chapter 11 Measurement Uncertainty Considerations
in Testing Laboratories
Requirements Concerning the Uncertainty of Test Results
Factors Affecting the Measurement Uncertainty of Test Results
Guideline Documents on Evaluation of the Measuremeat
Uncertainty of Test Results
Uncertainty of Standard Test Methods
Uncertainty Evaluation During the Use of Standard Test
Methods Whose Precision and Bias Are Known
Measurement Uncertainty of Test Results When the Bias
and Precision of the Test Method Are Not Specified
Uncertainty Evaluation in Chemical Metrology
Uncertainty Considerations in Compliance Testing for
Conformity Assessment
ILAC Guidelines on Compliance Assessment and
Reporting
Compliance Testing for Electromagnetic Interference
Chapter 12 Measurement Uncertainty Considerations
in Calibration Laboratories
Calibration Uncertainty and Related Issues
Calibration Results: Uncertainty Requirements
The Uncertainty of the Calibration Process and the
Test Uncertainty Ratio
The Effect of an Increase in Uncertainty on the
Compliance Decision
Assigning Values to Reference Standards: The Use of
Trend Charts
Examples of the Drawing and Interpretation of Trend
Charts
The Advantages of Using Trend Charts for Reference
Standards
Single Measurement Uncertainty
Appendix A Area Under the Standard Normal
Probability Distribution Between the
Mean and Positive Values of z
Appendix B Values of t Factors from Student t
Distribution for Various Degrees of
Freedom and Confidence Levels
Appendix C Values of A2, Dr and D4 Factors for
Computing Control Chart Limiits
Appendix D Table 1 Repeatability Calculations:
Values of d2 and K
Table 2 Reproducibility Calculations:
Values of d2 and K2
Table 3 Part-to-Part Variatiom Calculations:
Values of d2 and K3
Appendix E Critical Range Factor f(n) for 95%
Confidence Level for Number of
Test Results n
Appendix F Glossary of Terms Used.
Subjects
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