Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction: Image and Gaze
Chapter 1. The Legacy of Philosophers
1.1. The objectivist approach
1.1.1. The source: ancient Greece
1.1.2. After Greece
1.1.3. Kant and modern aesthetics
1.1.4. Objectivism after Kant: from pseudo-subjectivism to aesthetic realism
1.2. The subjectivist approach
1.2.1. From classicism to romanticism
1.2.2. The moderns
1.2.3. The influence of neurobiology
1.3. Subjectivism and objectivism: an ongoing debate
Chapter 2. Neurobiology or the Arbitrator of Consciousness
2.1. fMRI protocols and neuroaesthetics
2.2. The fMRI quest for "beauty processes" in the brain
2.2.1. The role of the prefrontal cortex
2.2.2. The role of the insular cortex
2.2.3. The role of the visual areas
2.2.4. The role of memory and cognition
2.2.5. The role of embodiment
2.3. Responses from functional electric encephalography
2.4. A global cognitive scheme for aesthetic judgment?
2.4.1. J. Petitot's neurogeometric model
2.4.2. A. Chatterjee's aesthetic emotion model
2.4.3. The model by Brown et al
2.4.4. Model proposed by H. Leder
2.4.5. The model by C. Redies
2.4.6. The emotions model developed by S. Koelsch et al.
2.4.7. L.H. Hsu's model of emotions based on A. Damásio
2.4.8. Other models
2.5. A critique of neuroaesthetic methods
2.5.1. Criticism of neuroaesthetic methods
2.5.2. Criticisms of the objectives of neuroaesthetics
Chapter 3. What Are the Criteria For a Beautiful Photo?
3.1. Before we enter into the fray
3.1.1. What reference books do we have?
3.1.2. "Beauty of an image" or "quality of an image"?
3.1.3. A glossary of aesthetic appraisal
3.1.4. Measuring beauty
3.2. Composition
3.2.1. Complexity versus simplicity
3.2.2. Unity
3.2.3. A specific case in composition: landscapes
3.2.4. Using oculometry to analyze composition
3.2.5. Format or aspect ratio
3.2.6. The rule of thirds (RoT)
3.2.7. The center of the image
3.2.8. Other rules for composition
3.3. Histograms, spectral properties and textures
3.3.1. Histograms and gray levels
3.3.2. Focus, spectral density, fractals
3.3.3. Textures
3.4. Color
3.4.1. About the concept of color
3.4.2. Preferences related to isolated colors
3.4.3. Preferences related to color palettes
3.5. What behavioral psychosociology has to say
3.5.1. Images of nature
3.5.2. The aesthetics of faces
3.5.3. The role of the signature, title and context
3.5.4. Perception and memory: prototypicality
Chapter 4. Algorithmic Approaches to "Calculate" Beauty
4.1. First steps: C. Henry
4.2. G.D. Birkhoff's mathematical approach
4.3. Those who followed G.D. Birkhoff
4.3.1. Beauty according to H.J. Eysenck
4.3.2. The Post-War years: the designers, A. Moles and M. Bense
4.3.3. A dynamic approach: P. Machado and A. Cardoso