Paupers or citizens? struggles over the status and rights of welfare state claimants
"The 'pauper slavery' of the poorhouse" : the Freedmen's Bureau, 1865-1872
An honorable alternative to poor relief : Civil War veterans' pensions, 1862-1890
"They are just 'reliefers' and have no rights" : the Works Progress Administration, 1935-1942
"A different class from the ordinary relief case" : old-age insurance, 1935-1949
"Work with no rights and no pay equals slavery" : workfare in New York City, 1993-2001
Respectable aid for the working poor : the earned income tax credit, 1975-2001
Conclusion: Relief, rights, and race in the development of the welfare state.