Negativity and presidential campaigns
The runaway races of 1964, 1972, and 1984
The somewhat competitive races of 1988, 1992, and 1996
The comeback races of 1968 and 1976
The dead heat race of 1960
The dead heat race of 1980
The dead heat races of 2000 and 2004
Summary and synthesis : have presidential campaigns become more negative?
Appendix: Cold War background to 1960 presidential contest.