Introduction: identity politics in the later Roman Empire
Philosophers, apologists, and empire
Porphyry on Greeks, Christians, and others
Vera religio and falsae religiones: Lactantius's divine institutes
What difference does an emperor make? apologetics and imperial ideology in Constantine's Oration to the saints and imperial letters
From Hebrew wisdom to Christian hegemony: Eusebius of Caesarea's apologetics and panegyrics
Epilogue: empire's palimpsest
Appendix: Porphyry's polemics and the great persecution.