France and the modern état. Voltaire and English Deists
The philosophes
The French Revolution
The process of secularization
Laïcité
Nazi Germany. The rise of the Third Reich
The immediate sources of Hitler's ideology
The metaphysics of voluntarism
Biblical criticism and liberal theology
The growth of anti-Semitism and anti-Christianity: inside and outside the church
German etatism, racism, and ethnocentrism
International communism. The First International: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Second International: Karl Kautsky
The Third International: Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev.