Introduction
1898 : "The constitutional lion in the path"
The Constitution and the new U.S. expansion : debating the status of the Islands
"We are naturally Americans" : Federico Degetau and Santiago Iglesias pursue citizenship
"American aliens" : Isabel Gonzalez, Domingo Collazo, Federico Degetau, and the Supreme Court, 1902-1905
Reconstructing Puerto Rico, 1904-1909
The Jones Act and the long path to collective naturalization
Conclusion.