Cover
Contributors to Volume 34
Preface
Contents
The Direct Effects of Increase in the Global Atmospheric CO2 ...
INTRODUCTION
The Problem
Aims of this Review
Spatial and Temporal Scales
Physiological Action of CO2
The Data Base
Problems with the Data
Acclimating, Acclimated and Adapted Trees
THE CELLULAR SCALE
THE LEAF AND SHOOT SCALE
Stomatal Conductance
Photosynthesis
Photorespiration
THE SEEDLING SAPLING AND INDIVIDUAL TREE SCALE
Growth over Periods of Weeks and Months
Growth Partitioning
Compensation for Stress
Water Use Efficiency
Nutrient Stress-a Limiting Factor?
Extraction of Nutrients
Nitrogen Fixation
Seedling Regeneration
Growth at Timescales of Years and Decades
THE PLANTATION AND WOODLAND SCALE
At the Timescales of Hours and Days
At the Timescales of Weeks and Months
At the Timescales of Years and Decades
THE FOREST AND ECOSYSTEM SCALE
At the Timescales of Years and Decades
Timescales of a Century or More
SUMMARY
Assessing the impact of the Rise in CO2
Photosynthesis and Stomatal Action
Tree Growth
Stand Processes and Production
Forest and Region
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
References
Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Temperate Ecosystems
INTRODUCTION
INPUT OF COARSE WOODY DEBRIS
Methods
Rates of Input
Spatial Patterns
Temporal Patterns
Agents of Mortality
DECOMPOSITION OF COARSE WOODY DEBRIS
Types of Decay Processes
Decay Models
Methods to Determine Decay Rates
Decay Rates
Factors Controlling Decomposition
AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF COARSE WOODY DEBRIS
Estimating Biomass
Biomuss of Coarse Woody Debris
Factors Controlling Biomass
Distribution of Coarse Woody Debris
ROLES OF COARSE WOODY DEBRIS
Coarse Woody Debris as Plant Habitat
Coarse Woody Debris as Animal Habitat
Importance of Coarse Woody Debris in Terrestrial Nutrient Cycles and Carbon Budgets
Geomorphic Functions of Coarse Woody Debris
CONCLUSIONS
Comparison of Coarse Woody Debris in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems
Effects of Human Activities on Coarse Woody Debris
SUMMARY
References
A Theory of Gradient Analysis
INTRODUCTION
LINEAR METHODS
Regression
Calibration
Ordination
The Environmental Interpretation of Ordination Axes (Indirect Gradient Analysis)
Constrained Ordination (Multivariate Direct Gradient Analysis)
NON-LINEAR (GAUSSIAN) METHODS
Unimodal Response Models
Regression
Calibration
Ordination
Constrained Ordination
WEIGHTED AVERAGING METHODS
Regression
Calibration
Ordination
Constrained Ordination
ORDINATION DIAGRAMS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Principal Components: Biplots
Correspondence Analysis: Joint Plots
Redundancy Analysis
Canonical Correspondence Analysis
CHOOSING THE METHODS
Which Response Model?
Direct or Indirect?
Direct Gradient Analysis: Regression or Constrained Ordination?
CONCLUSIONS
References
Inherent Variati.