9788024645216

9788024645148

Cover

Contents

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction (Václav Smrčka)

1.1 Definition of the Neolithic Demographic Transition

1.2 Adoption of Farming: Insect Patterns, the Origin of Complex Society

1.3 Archaeological Evidence of the Neolithic Diet

1.4 Biological Evidence of the Neolithic Diet

1.4.1 Trace Element Analyses

1.4.2 Isotopic Analyses-Distinguishing Neolithic Migratory Populations

1.5 Agriculture, the Probable Reason for Bone Pathology

1.5.1 Manifestation of Shortage and Disease

1.6 Agriculture and Zoonoses

1.7 The Aim of this Publication

1.8 Summary of Individual Chapters

2. The Lengyel Culture in Hungary (Olivér Gábor)

2.1 Time and Territorial Boundaries

2.1.1 Area

2.1.2 Origin, Spread, Dating and Periods of the Culture

2.2 Sites

2.2.1 Settlements

2.2.2 Cemeteries

2.2.3 Zengővárkony (Settlement and Burial Site)

2.3 Pottery

2.4 Metallurgy

2.5 Everyday Life Utensils and Craftsmens' Tools

2.6 Archaeozoological Evidence of Changes in Abundance of Animals in Late Neolithic and Eneolithic (Chalcolithic) Period

2.7 Beliefs and Circular Ditch Systems

2.8 Society, Ethnicity

2.9 Analyzed Graves

2.9.1 Zengővárkony

2.9.2 Villánykővesd

3. Lengyel Culture Sites in Baranya and Tolna County: Paleopathologicaand Archaeological Description

3.1 Zengővárkony

3.1.1 Palaeopathological Analysis (Václav Smrčka, Zdenka Musilová, Vítězslav Kuželka)

3.1.2 Gender Roles of the Makers of the Lengyel Culture in Terms of the Zengővárkony Grave Finds (Eva Čermáková)

3.2 Villánykővesd: Archaeological and Anthropological Description, Paleopathologic Analysis (Václav Smrčka, Zdenka Musilová)

3.2.1 Archaeological and Anthropological Description

3.2.2 Paleopathological Characteristic of the Analysed Collection (N = 23).

3.3 Belvárdgyula-Szarkahegy: Archaeological Description and Paleopathologic Analysis (Václav Smrčka and Zdenka Musilová)

3.3.1 Archaeological Description

3.3.2 Paleopathological Analysis (N = 21)

3.4 Belvárdgyula-Szarkahegy: Results of the Macroscopical and Histological Examination (Ctibor Povýšil and Václav Smrčka)

3.4.1 Macroscopical Findings (Václav Smrčka)

3.4.2 Histological Examination (Ctibor Povýšil)

3.5 The Burial of a Woman of Lengyel Culture with Perimortem Trauma of Lower Extremities at Borjád-Kenderföld (Václav Smrčka, Zdenka Musilová, Csilla Gáti)

3.5.1 Site Summary. Based on the Archaeological Find

3.5.2 Osteology

3.5.3 Strontium Analysis

3.6 Alsónyék-Bátaszék: Paleopathological Examination of the Late Neolithic Site Excavated at Alsónyék-Bátaszék (Kitti Köhler)

3.6.1 Introduction

3.6.2 Material

3.6.3 Methods

3.6.4 Results

3.7 Artificial Deformation of Teeth in Lengyel Culture (Václav Smrčka, Zdenka Musilová, Štefan Rástočný, David Dick)

4. Carbon and Nitrogen Analysis: Zengővárkony and Villánykővesd (Václav Smrčka, Jakub Trubač, Martin Hill, Zdenka Musilová, Lenka Půtová, Sylva Drtikolová Kaupová, Štefan Rástočný)

4.1 Zengővárkony

4.2 Villánykővesd

5. Strontium Analysis: Zengővárkony, Villánykővesd, Belvárdgyula, Borjád-Kenderföld (Václav Smrčka, Jakub Trubač, Zdenka Musilová, Martin Hill, Lenka Půtová, Štefan Rástočný)

5.1 Zengővárkony

5.2 Villánykővesd

5.3 Belvárdgyula

5.4 Borjád-Kenderföld

6. Villánykővesd and Zengővárkony: Trace Elements in Tooth Enamel and Femurs of the Lengyel Culture (Václav Smrčka, Martin Mihaljevič, Jakub Trubač, Zdenka Musilová, Martin Hill, Lenka Půtová, Štefan Rástočný, Ivo Němec)

7. Lengyel Culture in Moravia (Zdeněk Hájek, Alžběta Čerevková).

8. Anthropological Analysis of Skeletal Remains of People of the Lengyel Culture in Moravia (Martina Fojtová, Zdeněk Tvrdý, Ivana Jarošová)

9. Survey of Bone Diseases in Moravian Neolithic Cultures (Václav Smrčka, Zdeněk Tvrdý)

10. Comparison of the Diet of the Lengyel Culture with those of Earlier Neolithic Cultures of Moravia: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis (Václav Smrčka, František Bůzek, Jarmila Zocová, Ivan Zoc, Marta Dočkalová)

10.1 Těšetice-Kyjovice: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis

10.2 Moravian Neolithic Settlements: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis and Trace Element Analysis

11. Neolithic Human Migration of Moravia in Strontium Isotopes (Vojtěch Erban, Václav Smrčka, Marta Dočkalová)

12. Trace Elements in Bones of the Neolithic Cultures of Moravia (Václav Smrčka, Martin Mihaljevič, Jarmila Zocová, Ivan Zoc, Ivo Němec)

13. Conclusion: The Lifestyle and Morbidity of the Lengyel Culture (Václav Smrčka)

13.1 The Life Cycle in the Lengyel Culture Age Groups

13.1.1 Infants

13.1.2 Children

13.1.3 Juvenis

13.1.4 Adultus

13.1.5 Maturus

13.1.6 Males

13.1.7 Females

13.2 Differences of the LgC Lifestyle from the Early Neolithic LPC and SPC Cultures

13.2.1 Metal

13.2.2 Aggression in the Lengyel Culture

13.2.3 Diet, Mobility and Bone Health in LgC

13.2.4 Occupations in LgC

13.2.5 Artificial Deformation of Teeth

13.3 Pathological Profile of the Lengyel Culture in Various Regions

13.3.1 Congenital Defects

13.3.2 Degenerative Joint Diseases

13.3.3 Trauma

13.3.4 Nonspecific Inflammations

13.3.5 Specific Inflammations

13.3.6 Anaemia

13.3.7 Benign Tumours

13.3.8 Malignant Tumours

13.3.9 Spreading of Zoonoses and the Beginnings of the Decline of the Neolithic Lifestyle

Appendix: Methodology

Bibliography

List of Contributors.