9788770227353

8770227357

9788770227407

1523156325

9781523156320

River Publishers series in electronic materials and devices.

Preface xxiii Organization of the Book xxiii Acknowledgments xxv List of Figures xxvii List of Tables xlix List of Abbreviations li Part 1: Direct Current (DC) 1 1 DC (Direct Current) Electrical Fundamentals 3 Objectives 3 Chapter Outline 4 1.1 Structure of Matter 4 Elements 8 Atoms 8 Orbitals 9 1.2 Electric Charges 12 The Coulomb 13 Law of Electric Charges 13 1.3 Electrical Current 14 Amount of Electric Current 15 Circuits 16 Direction of Current 17 1.4 Electric Potential 17 1.5 Resistance 19 1.6 Conductors and Insulators 19 Conductors 19 Insulators 20 Semiconductors 21 Superconductors 21 1.7 Energy, Work, and Power 22 1.8 Electrical Systems 24 Electrical System Parts 26 Electrical System Examples 31 Summary 33 Self-examination/Answers 34 Answers 35 Problems 36 Glossary 36 2 Electrical Components and Diagrams 41 Objectives 41 Chapter Outline 41 2.1 Components, Symbols, and Diagrams 42 Switches 43 Over-current Protective Devices 44 2.2 Resistors 54 Resistor Color Codes 57 Power Rating of Resistors 61 2.3 Units of Measurement 62 Small Units 63 Large Units 65 2.4 Scientific Notation 66 2.5 Scientific Calculator 67 Entering Numbers 68 2.6 Electrical Diagrams 69 Problems 72 Electrical Unit Conversions 72 Scientific Notation 72 Resistor Color Code 73 Summary 74 Self-examination 75 Answers 76 Glossary 76 3 Meters and Measurements 79 Objectives 79 Chapter Outline 79 3.1 Meters 79 Digital Meter Features 83 Analog Meters 83 3.2 Measurements 86 Measuring Resistance 86 Measuring Resistance, Analog Meters 88 Measuring Voltage 92 Measuring Voltage, Analog Meter 92 Measuring Current 95 Measuring Current, Analog Meters 96 Summary 99 Self-examination/Answers 100 Answers 100 Problems 100 Voltage Measurement Problems 100 Current Measurement Problems 101 Glossary 101 4 Ohm⁰́₉s Law and Series Electrical Circuits 103 Objectives 103 Chapter Outline 103 4.1 Ohm's Law 103 4.2 Characteristics of Series Circuits 109 Current 110 Resistance 111 Voltage 111 Power 112 Summary of Series Circuits Rules 112 4.3 Applying Power Formulas to Series Circuits 114 Sample Problem: Work 114 Sample Problem: Power 115 4.4 Troubleshooting Series Circuits 120 Open Circuits 121 Short Circuits 122 Changed Resistor Values 122 Self-examination 122 Summary 123 Formulas 123 Self-examination/Answers 123 Answers 124 Glossary 125 5 Parallel Circuits 127 Objectives 127 Chapter Outline 127 5.1 Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit 128 Voltage in a Parallel Circuit 128 Current in a Parallel Circuit 128 Resistance in a Parallel Circuit 129 Power in Parallel Circuits 131 Section 5.1: Review Questions 131 5.2 Applying Ohm⁰́₉s Law to Parallel Circuits 132 5.3 Applying the Power Formula to Parallel Circuits 133 5.4 Parallel Circuit Measurements 133 5.5 Troubleshooting Parallel Circuits 138 Summary 138 Formulas 139 Self-examination/Answers 139 Answers 140 Summary 140 Glossary 140 6 Series⁰́₃Parallel Circuits and Applications 143 Objectives 143 Chapter Outline 143 6.1 Combination Electrical Circuits 144 6.2 Combination Circuit Measurements 146 6.3 Kirchhoff⁰́₉s Laws 147 6.4 Examples of Combination Circuits 149 6.5 Specialized Circuit Applications 151 Maximum Power Transfer 151 Voltage-divider Circuits 152 Voltage-divider Design 153 Voltage-division Equation 155 Negative Voltage Derivation 155 Voltage Division with a Potentiometer 155 6.6 Problem-solving Methods 157 Kirchhoff⁰́₉s Voltage Law Methodology 158 Superposition Method 162 Equivalent Circuit Methodology 164 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Method 164 Single-source Problem 166 Two-source Problem 169 Norton Equivalent Circuit Method 171 Bridge-circuit Simplification 172 Summary 176 Self-examination/Answers 176 Answers 177 Problems 177 Combination Circuit Problems 177 Voltage-divider Circuit Problem 180 Kirchhoff⁰́₉s Voltage Law (KVL) Problem 181 Kirchhoff⁰́₉s Current Law (KCL) Problem 181 Maximum Power Transfer Problem 181 Superposition Problems 182 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Problems 182 Norton Equivalent Circuits 185 Bridge-circuit Simplification 185 Glossary 186 7 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 189 Chapter Outline 189 Objectives 189 7.1 Permanent Magnets 190 7.2 Magnetic Field Development 192 Magnetic Field around a conductor 192 Magnetic Field around a Coil 195 7.3 Electromagnetism 195 7.4 Magnetic Theory 200 Ohm⁰́₉s Law for Magnetic Circuits 200 Domain Theory of Magnetism 200 Electrical Production 201 7.5 Magnetic Devices 202 Relays 202 Solenoids 205 Magnetic Motor Contactors 206 Magnetic Circuit Breaker 207 Electric Bell 208 Reed Switches/Relays 208 Analog Meter Movement 211 Magnetic Recording 211 Electromagnetic Speakers 212 7.6 Magnetic Terminology 212 Hall Effect 216 Magnetic Levitation 216 Rare Earth Magnets 217 Self-examination/Answers 218 Answers 218 Glossary 219 8 Sources of DC Electrical Energy 223 Chapter Outline 223 Objectives 223 8.1 Chemical Sources 224 Primary Cells 225 Secondary Cells 226 Nickel-Cadmium Cells 227 Nickel-Metal-Hydroxide Cells 228 Other Batteries 228 8.2 Battery Connections 228 Series Connection 229 Parallel Connection 230 Combination (Series⁰́₃Parallel) Connection 231 8.3 Light Sources 231 8.4 Heat Sources 232 8.5 Pressure Sources 233 8.6 Electromagnetic Sources 234 Sample Problem: Voltage Output of a DC Generator 237 8.7 Direct Current (DC) Generators 238 Permanent Magnet DC Generators 238 Separately Excited DC Generators 238 Self-excited, Series-wound DC Generators 240 Self-excited, Shunt-wound DC Generators 241 Self-excited, Compound-wound DC Generators 244 DC Generator Operating Characteristics 244 Sample Problem: 247 Sample Problem: 248 Summary 248 Self-examination/Answers 250 Answers 250 Glossary 251 Part II: AC (Alternating Current) 255 9 AC (Alternating Current) Electrical Fundamentals 257 Objectives 257 Chapter Outline 257 9.1 Sinusoidal AC Waveforms 258 Frequency and Period of a Waveform 260 AC Amplitude Voltage Values 261 Instantaneous Voltage 261 Peak Voltage 262 Average Voltage 262 Effective or RMS Voltage 263 Phase Shift 264 Vector (Phasor) Diagrams 265 9.2 Non-sinusoidal Waveforms 269 Harmonics 269 Pulse Waveforms 270 9.3 Single- and Three-phase AC 273 9.4 Resistive AC Circuits 274 9.5 Measuring AC Voltages 276 Using a Digital or Analog Meter 276 Using an Oscilloscope 277 Summary 279 Formulas 280 Problems 281 Self-examination/Answers 281 Answers 282 Glossary 283 10 Sources of AC Electrical Energy 287 Objectives 287 Chapter Outline 287 10.1 AC Electrical Generators Basics 287 10.2 Single-phase AC Generators 290 10.3 Three-phase AC Generators 295 Analysis and Troubleshooting 299 Summary 299 Formulas 300 Problems 300 Self-examination/Answers 301 Answers 302 Glossary 302 11 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance 307 Objectives 308 Chapter Outline 308 11.1 Capacitor Construction 309 11.2 Capacitor Operation 313 DC Capacitor Operation 313 AC Capacitor Operation 315 11.3 Factors that Affect Capacitance 317 Plate Surface Area 318 Distance Between Plates 318 Dielectric Material 318 11.4 Capacitor Types 319 11.5 Capacitor Ratings 323 Dielectric Strength 323 Unit of Measure of Capacitance 323 11.6 Capacitor Connections 324 Capacitors in Series 324 Capacitors in Parallel 325 11.7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers 326 11.8 Capacitive Reactance 328 Capacitive Reactance Connections 329 Series Capacitive Reactance 329 Parallel Capacitive Reactance 331 11.9 Resistor and Capacitor Circuits 332 Series RC Circuits 335 General Procedure for Solving AC Series RC Circuit Problems 336 Parallel RC circuits 337 General Procedure to Solve AC Parallel RC Circuit Problems 339 Troubleshooting Capacitors 339 Review Questions 341 Summary 341 Formulas 342 Problems 345 Answers 347 Self-examination/Answers 348 Answers 350 Glossary 351 12 Inductance and Inductive Reactance 355 Objectives 356 Chapter Outline 356 12.1 Inductor Construction 356 12.2 Inductor Operation 359 Phase Relationship in AC Inductor Circuits 362 12.3 Factors that Affect Inductance 363 12.4 Inductor Types 365 12.5 Inductor Ratings 365 12.6 Inductor Connections 366 Inductors in Series 366 Inductors in Parallel 367 Mutual Inductance 368 Series Inductor Connections with Mutual Induction 369 Parallel Inductor Connections with Mutual Induction 369 12.7 Inductor Voltage Dividers 370 12.8 Inductive Reactance 371 Inductive Reactance Connections 373 Series Inductive Reactance 373 Parallel Inductive Reactance 374 12.9 Resistor and Inductor Circuits 376 Series RL circuits 379 General Procedure for Solving AC Series-connected RL

Circuit Problems 380 Parallel RL circuits 382 General Procedure to Solve AC Parallel RL Circuit Problems 383 12.10 Troubleshooting Inductors 383 Summary 385 Formulas 386 Problems 388 Self-examination/Answers 391 Answers 393 Problems Answers 394 Glossary 396 13 Transformers 399 Objectives 400 Chapter Outline 400 13.1 Transformer Construction 400 Transformer Core 401 Input/Output Phase Relationships 402 13.2 Types of Transformers 404 Center-tapped Secondary 405 Multiple Secondary Windings 406 Dual-Primary Transformer 407 Autotransformer 408 Isolation Transformer 408 Physical Construction 409 13.3 Transformer Operation 410 13.4 Transformer Turns Ratio 412 Transformer Voltage Ratio 412 Transformer Power 413 Transformer Current Ratio 414 Power Company Application 416 13.5 Transformer Core Losses 417 Copper Losses 418 Hysteresis Loss 418 Eddy Currents 420 DC Voltages in Transformers 420 13.6 Calculating Transformer Efficiency 421 13.7 Load Resistance Reflected to the Primary 422 Calculating Reflected Resistance Using Ohm⁰́₉s Law 423 Impedance Matching Transformer 425 13.8 Loading a Transformer 426 Energizing Current 427 Power Transformer with a Light Load 427 Medium and Heavy Loads 427 13.9 Transformer Ratings 428 Transformer Troubleshooting 429 Shorted Primary Windings 429 Shorted Secondary Windings 430 Partially Shorted Secondary Windings 431 Open Primary Wind ...

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