9781394264810

139426481X

9781789451351

Chapter 1 The Rare Earth Resources of Europe and Greenland: Mining Potential and Challenges 1 Nicolas CHARLES, Johann TUDURI, Gǎtan LEFEBVRE, Olivier POURRET, Fabrice GAILLARD and Kathryn GOODENOUGH

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The extreme diversity of rare earths

1.2.1 Rare earth elements

1.2.2 Rare earth minerals

1.3 The economy of rare earths in the world and their place in Europe

1.3.1 The application domains for rare earths

1.3.2 The evolution of prices

1.3.3 Europe in the rare earth economy

1.4 Classification of rare earth deposits

1.4.1 Primary endogenous deposits

1.4.2 Secondary exogenous deposits

1.5 Rare earths deposits in Europe

1.5.1 Rare earth indices in the Baltic shield

1.5.2 The rare earths indices of the Caledonides

1.5.3 Rare earth occurrences in the Variscan belt

1.5.4 Rare earths indices from the Mesozoic

1.5.5 Rare earth occurrences from the Cenozoic and Quaternary

1.6 The rare earths deposits of Greenland

1.6.1 The alkaline provinces of the Archean (2,750-2,700 Ma)

1.6.2 Paleoproterozoic deposits at Karrat (NIAQ and UMIA)

1.6.3 Pegmatites from the late Paleoproterozoic (1,800-1,785 Ma)

1.6.4 Gardar Mesoproterozoic alkaline province

1.6.5 Carbonatites from the Neoproterozoic to the Mesozoic (southwestern Greenland)

1.6.6 Milne Land Jurassic-Cretaceous REE-Ti-Zr paleoplacer

1.6.7 Alkaline complexes from the Paleogene (central and eastern Greenland)

1.7 The origin of the rare earth deposits in Europe and Greenland

1.7.1 Partial melting and crystal fractionation

1.7.2 Chlorinity of hydrothermal systems

1.7.3 Exogenous rare earth cycle

1.8 Strengths and weaknesses of rare earths deposits in Europe and Greenland

1.9 Conclusion

1.10 Acknowledgments

1.11 References

Chapter 2 The Cornubian Batholith: Post-Collisional Variscan Granites and Resources 143 Robin SHAIL and Beth SIMONS

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Tectonic context of magmatism and resources

2.2.1 Variscan tectonics

2.2.2 Post-Variscan tectonics

2.3 Lamprophyres and basalts

2.4 The Cornubian Batholith and associated felsic igneous rocks

2.4.1 Geophysical data

2.4.2 Field occurrence

2.4.3 Mineralogical and textural variation

2.4.4 Mineral chemistry

2.4.5 Whole-rock geochemistry

2.4.6 Geochronology

2.4.7 Synthesis

2.5 Granite-related mineralization

2.5.1 Disseminated magmatic mineralization

2.5.2 Pegmatites

2.5.3 Replacement deposits

2.5.4 Mineralization associated with greisen and potassic alteration

2.5.5 Tourmaline-dominated veins, lodes and intrusive breccias

2.5.6 Polymetallic sulfide lodes

2.5.7 Mineralization models

2.6 Post-granite mineralization

2.6.1 Cross-course mineralization

2.6.2 Five-element (Co-Ni-Bi-As-Ag) and uranium mineralization

2.6.3 Hydrocarbons

2.7 China clay

2.8 The past, present and future of the resources sector in SW England

2.8.1 W, Sn, Cu

2.8.2 Lithium micas (St Austell granite)

2.8.3 Deep geothermal energy

2.8.4 Lithium brines

2.8.5 Industrial minerals, aggregates and building stones

2.9 Environmental, cultural and social impact of mining

2.10 References

Chapter 3 The W Deposit at Panasqueira (Portugal): A Critical Bibliographical Review 221 Christian MARIGNAC and Michel CATHELINEAU

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Geological context

3.2.1 Regional context

3.2.2 Local geological setting

3.2.3 Mineralized vein system

3.2.4 The RMG granitic suite at Panasqueira

3.3 Relative chronology of the alteration and mineralization stages

3.3.1 Historical overview and methodological considerations

3.3.2 The paragenetic succession at Panasqueira

3.3.3 Wallrock alterations

3.3.4 Consequences and implications of revising the paragenesis

3.3.5 Absolute chronology

3.4 The opening of the veins

3.4.1 The opening conditions

3.4.2 The origin of the flat joints

3.4.3 The place of flat joints in the regional history

3.5 P and T conditions at the early and late stages

3.5.1 The early stages (stages I-III)

3.5.2 Late stages (stages IV-V)

3.6 Characterization of the origin of fluids

3.6.1 Geochemical arguments: the early stages (I to III-A)

3.6.2 Geochemical arguments: the late stages (III-B, IV, V)

3.6.3 Mass balances and the source of the fluids

3.6.4 Presence of a magmatic component

3.7 Role of the Panasqueira granites

3.8 Panasqueira: a magmatic and hydrothermal system of crustal scale

3.9 References

Appendix 1 The Rare Earth Resources of Europe and Greenland: Mining Potential and Challenges 313 Nicolas CHARLES, Johann TUDURI, Gǎtan LEFEBVRE, Olivier POURRET, Fabrice GAILLARD and Kathryn GOODENOUGH

Appendix 2 The Cornubian Batholith: Post-Collisional Variscan Granites and Resources 325 Robin SHAIL and Beth SIMONS

Appendix 3 The Panasqueira W Deposit (Portugal): A Critical Bibliographic Review 329 Christian MARIGNAC and Michel CATHELINEAU

List of Authors

Index

Summary of Volume 2.

Minerals > Europe.