Frontmatter
Contents
List of figures and tables
To readers
Acknowledgements
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015)
1 Introduction to phonetics
1.1 What is phonetics?
1.2 What this book covers
1.3 Ways to talk about sounds
1.4 An overview of the book
Further reading
2 Overview of the human speech mechanism
2.1 The complexity of speech sounds
2.2 Breathing
2.3 The larynx and voicing
2.4 Airflow
2.5 Place of articulation
2.6 Manner of articulation
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
3 Representing the sounds of speech
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phonetic transcription
3.3 Acoustic representations
3.4 Acoustic representations and segments
3.5 Representation and units in phonetics
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
4 The larynx, voicing and phonation type
4.1 Introduction
4.2 How the larynx articulates
4.3 How the vocal folds vibrate
4.4 Fundamental frequency, pitch and intonation
4.5 Phrasing and intonation
4.6 Phonation type: an element of voice quality
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
5 Vowels
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Reference points for vowels: cardinal vowels
5.3 The acoustics of vowels
5.4 Other vocalic features
5.5 Vowels in English 'keywords'
5.6 Reduced vowels
5.7 Voiceless vowels
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
6 Approximants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The palatal approximant [j]
6.3 A doubly articulated sound: the labiovelar approximant [w]
6.4 Laterals
6.5 'Rhotics'
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
7 Plosives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of the production of plosives
7.3 Voicing and plosives in English
7.4 Glottalisation
7.5 Long closure
7.6 Place of articulation
7.7 Release features of plosives
7.8 Taps
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
8 Fricatives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The production of fricatives
8.3 Details of English fricatives
8.4 Non-lexical fricatives
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
9 Nasals
9.1 The production of nasals
9.2 Details of English nasals
9.3 Nasalised vowels
9.4 Syllabic nasals
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
10 Glottalic and velaric airstreams
10.1 Airstream mechanisms
10.2 The velaric airstream mechanism
10.3 The glottalic airstream mechanism
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
11 Sounds and structures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data
11.3 Assimilation: place of articulation across word boundaries
11.4 Glottal stops
11.5 Silent pauses within an utterance
11.6 Silent pause after syntactic completion
11.7 Examples of places with syntactic completion + pause
11.8 Syntactically complete phrases followed immediately by more talk
Summary
Note on the data
Exercises
Further reading
12 Conclusion
Glossary
Discussion of the exercises
Charts
Further reading
Index