Introduction / J. Scott Raymond and Richard L. Burger
A reassessment of the Ecuadorian Formative / Jorge G. Marcos
Social formations in the western lowlands of Ecuador during the early Formative / J. Scott Raymond
Settlement process and historical contingency in the western Ecuadorian Formative / James A. Zeidler and John S. Isaacson
Social and cultural development in the Ecuadorian highlands and eastern lowlands during the Formative / Karen Olsen Bruhns
The Zooarchaeological record from Formative Ecuador / Peter W. Stahl
Plant food resources of the Ecuadorian Formative : an overview and comparison to the Central Andes / Deborah M. Pearsall
Health issues in the early Formative of Ecuador : skeletal biology of Real Alto / Douglas H. Ubelaker
Ceramic assemblage variability in the Formative of Ecuador and Peru / Warren R. DeBoer
Expression of ideology in the Formative period of Ecuador / Karen E. Stothert
Nature as culture's representation : a change of focus in late Formative iconography / Tom Cummins
Conclusions: cultures of the Ecuadorian Formative in their Andean context / Richard L. Burger
Appendix A: Formative period chronology for the coast and western lowlands of Ecuador / James A. Zeidler
Appendix B: Formative period chronology for the northern and central highlands of Ecuador / Ronald D. Lippi
Appendix C: Formative period chronology for eastern Ecuador / Arthur Rostoker
Appendix D: Formative period chronology for the southern highlands of Ecuador / J. Scott Raymond.