Part I: Early human societies
Punishment in hunter-gatherer societies
Early civilizations and a transformation of punishment
Part II: The classical and postclassical periods
The classical societies
The postclassical period and the role of religion
Part III: The early modern period, 1450-1800
The empires of Asia and Eastern Europe
New prisons and new ideas in Western Europe
Punishment in the new European colonies
Part IV: The 19th century
An age of reform and its limitations : Western Europe and beyond
Reform efforts in Asia, Russia, and Latin America
Punishment in the new empires : from the 19th century to the mid-1950s
Part V: The contemporary period
Major changes
Regional patterns in the contemporary period
Conclusion.