Evolution of the concept from the 1st millennium BC to the 20th century
State and tribunal practices until the 1930s
Placing necessity in the context of the relationship between sovereignty and treaty law
Preliminary issues
The concept of necessity in different fields of international law
The role of international courts and tribunals in developing the concept of necessity in customary international law
History of the drafting of the necessity defense provisions in the general and security exceptions of the GATT 1994/GATS
Evolution of the interpretation of the concept of necessity in the general and security exceptions of the GATT (1947 and 1994) and the GATS
The concept of necessity in other WTO agreements, The TBT, SPS, and TRIPS agreements in particular
The interface between customary international law and WTO law
Rules on interfacing the concepts of necessity in WTO law and other fields of international law
The exercise of interfacing the concepts of necessity in WTO law and CIL.